ENEM - Adverbs

Definition

Adverbs are words that modify

• a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
• an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
• another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

• That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:

• When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

• He went to the movies.
• She works on holidays.
• They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

• She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.
• The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

• He calls his mother as often as possible.

Click on "Lolly's Place" to read and hear Bob Dorough's "Get Your Adverbs Here" (from Scholastic Rock, 1974). Schoolhouse Rock® and its characters andother elements are trademarks and service marks of American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Used with permission.

Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast."

Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.

• Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.
• The student who reads fastest will finish first.

We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs:

• With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients.
• The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.
• She worked less confidently after her accident.
• That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

The as — as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister."

A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:

• He arrived late.
• Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

• She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.
• He did wrong by her.
• He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:

• Emphasizers:
  • I really don't believe him.
  • He literally wrecked his mother's car.
  • She simply ignored me.
  • They're going to be late, for sure.
• Amplifiers:
  • The teacher completely rejected her proposal.
  • I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.
  • They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.
  • I so wanted to go with them.
  • We know this city well.
• Downtoners:
  • I kind of like this college.
  • Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.
  • His mother mildly disapproved his actions.
  • We can improve on this to some extent.
  • The boss almost quit after that.
  • The school was all but ruined by the storm.

Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by premodifiers:

• She runs very fast.
• We're going to run out of material all the faster

This issue is addressed in the section on degrees in adjectives.

For this section on intensifiers, we are indebted to A Grammar of Contemporary English by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. Longman Group: London. 1978. pages 438 to 457. Examples our own.

Using Adverbs in a Numbered List

Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below.)

Adverbs We Can Do Without

Review the section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely, and really that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions ("There are several books that address this issue.")

Kinds of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

   She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Adverbs of Place

   She has lived on the island all her life. 

   She still lives there now.

Adverbs of Frequency

   She takes the boat to the mainland every day.

   She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time

   She tries to get back before dark.

   It's starting to get dark now.

   She finished her tea first.

   She left early.

Adverbs of Purpose

   She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.

   She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

Positions of Adverbs

One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

• Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.
• The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.
• The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

• Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.
• Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.
• Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.

Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

• He finally showed up for batting practice.
• She has recently retired.

Order of Adverbs

There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb	Manner	Place	Frequency	Time	Purpose
Beth swims	enthusiastically	in the pool	every morning	before dawn	to keep in shape.
Dad walks	impatiently	into town	every afternoon	before supper	to get a newspaper.
Tashonda naps		in her room	every morning	before lunch.
	In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

More Notes on Adverb Order

As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):

• Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.

A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first:

• My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska.
• She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.

Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner:

• Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
• Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.

Inappropriate Adverb Order

Review the section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to modify.

• They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six o'clock news.

Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported" or even to the beginning of the sentence — so the poor man doesn't die on television.

Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely:

• She only grew to be four feet tall.

It would be better if "She grew to be only four feet tall."

Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts

Regardless of its position, an adverb is often neatly integrated into the flow of a sentence. When this is true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. (Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive adverbs in the first two sentences of this paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause, it is called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of commas. A disjunct frequently acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say that it modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in the sentence immediately before this one; that same word can also serve as an adjunct adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play outside. Here are two more disjunctive adverbs:

• Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.
• Fortunately, no one was hurt.

Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a connector function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition between ideas.

• If they start smoking those awful cigars, then I'm not staying.
• We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again, and yet he's done nothing to fix it.

At the extreme edge of this category, we have the purely conjunctive device known as the conjunctive adverb (often called the adverbial conjunction):

• Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here.
• I love this school; however, I don't think I can afford the tuition.

Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. 126. Used with permission. Examples our own.

Some Special Cases

The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position:

• Is that music loud enough?
• These shoes are not big enough.
• In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough.

(Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun:

• Did she give us enough time?

The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive:

• She didn't run fast enough to win.

The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs:

• She ran too fast.
• She works too quickly.

If too comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is usually set off with a comma:

• Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.

The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive:

• She runs too slowly to enter this race.

Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a prepositional phrase — for + the object of the preposition — followed by an infinitive:

• This milk is too hot for a baby to drink.

Relative Adverbs

Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs: where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own clause).

The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place:

My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to be minister.

The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to be minister") modifies the word "church."

A when clause will modify nouns of time:

My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day.

And a why clause will modify the noun reason:

Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?

We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason":

• Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?
• I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation.
• I know the reason that men like motorcycles.

Authority for this section: Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.

Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs

A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that precedes that noun:

• A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically.
• Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially.

You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or "financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary.

A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence ("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("He got an A in addition to being published."

Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a verb string — "He has never been much help to his mother." — they are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:

• He seldom visits.
• She hardly eats anything since the accident.
• After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake.

Quiz on Adverbs

Order of Adverbs

 http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm

Os advérbios estão ligados aos adjetivos. Por exemplo:

quick = rápido

quicly = rapidamente

Note que o acréscimo das letras ly transformou o adjetivo em advérbio. Observe mais exemplos:

serious = sério

seriously = seriamente

fluent = fluente

fluently = fluentemente

happy = feliz

happily = felizmente

nervous = nervoso

nervously = nervosamente

Mas nem todas as palavras terminadas com ly são advérbios. Há alguns adjetivos que terminam com lytambém, veja:

friendly = amigável

lonely = sozinho

lovely = amável

lively = vivo

silly = tolo

elderly = idoso

Como saber, então, quando usar adjetivo ou advérbio?

• Adjetivos que se referem ao substantivo:

Beth is a careful driver. (Beth é uma motorista cuidadosa.)

• Advérbios que se referem ao verbo:

Beth drove carefully. (Beth dirigiu cuidadosamente.)

Agora, compare este outro exemplo:

adjetivo + substantivo

• He speaks perfect Portuguese. (Ele fala Português perfeito.)

verbo + objeto + advérbio

• He speaks Portuguese perfectly. (Ele fala Português perfeitamente.)

Note que o adjetivo e o verbo precisam de atenção nesses casos para que não haja confusão!

Os advérbios de tempo (today, yesterday, etc.) e os de lugar (here, there) são escritos geralmente no final das frases. Exemplos:

She was studying yesterday. (Ela estava estudando ontem.)

I live there. (Eu moro lá.)

Já os advérbios de frequência (always, often, never, sometimes, already, etc.) são escritos antes do verbo principal, mas sempre após o verbo auxiliar. Exemplos:

He is sometimes smiling. (Ele está algumas vezes sorrindo.)

They don´t usually sleep early. (Eles(as) normalmente não dormem cedo.)

Quando há vários advérbios numa mesma frase, geralmente são escritos no final dela, mas obedecem uma ordem: modo – lugar – tempo. Exemplos:

She walked slowly to school last week. (Ela andou vagarosamente para a escola na semana passada.)

Mas se houver vários advérbios de tempo ou de lugar na frase, a unidade menor vem primeiro:

I live in a small village in Arizona. (Eu moro numa pequena vila no Arizona.)

Adriana Petriccione

Colaboradora Brasil Escola

Graduada em Letras pela Universidade de Santo Amaro – UNISA

Graduada em Pedagogia pela Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo – UNIBAN

http://www.brasilescola.com/ingles/adverbs.htm

Examples of Adverbs

Kindly, slowly, here, often, and very are examples of adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Modify means to add to or change the meaning of a word. 

Spotting an Adverb

End in "-ly"

Many adverbs end in “-ly”. If you are not sure of the part of speech a word would be, and it ends with “-ly”, it is probably an adverb.

Examples include:

• Financially
• Willfully
• Abruptly
• Endlessly
• Firmly
• Delightfully
• Quickly
• Lightly
• Eternally
• Delicately
• Wearily
• Sorrowfully
• Beautifully
• Truthfully 

Other examples of adverbs would be words that how something was done or the manner in which it was done. These would be words like:

• Uneasily
• Weirdly
• Cheerfully
• Expertly
• Wholeheartedly
• Randomly
• Brutally
• Really
• Briskly
• Sloppily
• Wickedly

Tell Where Action Happened

Some adverbs tell the place of an action, or where it occurred. Adverbs like this would be:

• Here
• There
• Everywhere
• Somewhere
• In
• Inside
• Underground
• Out
• Outside
• Upstairs
• Downstairs

Tell When Action Happened

Examples of adverbs that tell when an action occurred, or its time, include:

• Now
• First
• Last
• Early
• Yesterday
• Tomorrow
• Today
• Later
• Regularly
• Often
• Never
• Monthly
• Always
• Usually 

Tell the Extent of the Action

Adverbs can describe to what extent something was done or an action was executed.

These would include:

• Very
• Too
• Almost
• Also
• Only
• Enough
• So
• Quite
• Almost
• Rather 

Adverbs Are Intensifiers

One function of adverbs is to intensify the meaning of the word it is modifying. It does this by either putting more or less emphasis on the word, amplifying the meaning of the word, or to toning down the feeling of the word. 

Here are some sentences with the emphasizing adverb underlined:

• Ireallydon’t care.
• Heliterallywrecked his car.
• I amcertainof the facts, for sure.
• Yousimplydon’t understand.
• Isowant to go to the concert.

Sentences that amplify would be like:

• Shecompletelyrejected his proposal
• Iheartilyendorsed the new restaurant
• Isowant that new toy
• Hecompletelyunderstands me
• Iabsolutelyrefuse to stay here any longer

Adverbs and adverb phrases that tone down the feeling or mood would include:

• I sort of felt betrayed by you
• You can improve on this to some extent
• She kind of likes the movie
• The boss almost quit his job after that
• I somewhat understand what you are saying
• She mildly disapproved of his actions 

Adverb Phrases

Adverb phrases function like adverbs. They can tell when, how, where, and to what extent or purpose. Adverb phrases can start with a preposition.

Some examples of these are:

• With a hammer
• Next door
• Before the holidays
• Every month
• For his mother

Adverb phrases can also start with the infinitive form of a verb, like in these examples: to buy a car, to support the team, or to show her mother.  

Here is a list of other adverb phrases:

• In the north of Germany
• While I was waiting
• Every time he cracked a joke
• Where the students can read it
• As if she were guilty
• Like he owns the place
• As you think you are
• If you have the time
• Although I may lose my job
• Since it is your birthday

An adverb or adverb phrase are a workhorse in the world of grammar, changing and enhancing the meaning of their partner verbs.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-a.html